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Harriet Martineau (; 12 June 1802 – 27 June 1876) was an English social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first female sociologist.〔Hill, Michael R. (2002) (''Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives'' ). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94528-3〕 Martineau wrote many books and a multitude of essays from a sociological, holistic, religious, domestic, and perhaps most controversially, feminine perspective; she also translated various works from Auguste Comte. She earned enough to be supported entirely by her writing, a rare feat for a woman in the Victorian era. A young Princess Victoria, (later Queen Victoria), enjoyed reading Martineau's publications. The queen invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838—an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers. Martineau said of her own approach to writing: "when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions". She believed a thorough societal analysis was necessary to understand women's status under men. The novelist Margaret Oliphant said "as a born lecturer and politician she () was less distinctively affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female, of her generation."〔 Martineau introduced feminist sociological perspectives into her writing on otherwise overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.〔 ==Early life== The sixth of eight children, Harriet Martineau was born in Norwich, England, where her father was a textile manufacturer.〔http://spartacus-educational.com/Wmartineau.htm〕 Her mother was the daughter of a sugar refiner and a grocer. The Martineau family was of French Huguenot ancestry and professed Unitarian views. Her uncle was the surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau (1752–1829), whom she had enjoyed visiting at his nearby estate, Bracondale Lodge. It was at Bracondale, in April 1877, that much of Harriet's extensive art collection was sold at auction. Martineau was closest to her brother James, who became a clergyman in the tradition of the English Dissenters. According to the writer Diana Postlethwaite, Harriet's relationship with her mother was strained and lacking affection, which contributed to views expressed in her later writing.〔 Martineau claimed her mother abandoned her to a wet nurse. Her ideals on domesticity and the "natural faculty for housewifery", as described in her book ''Household Education'' (1848),〔 stemmed from her lack of nurture growing up. Her mother was the antithesis of the warm and nurturing qualities which Harriet believed to be necessary for girls at an early age. Her mother urged all her children to be well-read, but at the same time opposed female pedantics "with a sharp eye for feminine propriety and good manners. Her daughters could never be seen in public with a pen in their hand." Her mother strictly enforced proper feminine behaviour, pushing her daughter to "hold a sewing needle" as well as the pen.〔 Martineau began losing her senses of taste and smell at a young age, becoming increasingly deaf and having to use an ear trumpet. It was the beginning of many health problems in her life. In 1821 she began to write anonymously for the ''Monthly Repository'', a Unitarian periodical, and in 1823 she published ''Devotional Exercises and Addresses, Prayers and Hymns''. Her father's business failed in 1829. At 27 years old, Martineau stepped out of feminine propriety to earn a living for her family. Along with her needlework, she began selling her articles to the ''Monthly Repository'', earning accolades, including three essay prizes from the Unitarian Association. Her regular work with the ''Repository'' helped establish her as a reliable and popular freelance writer. In Harriet Martineau's ''Autobiography'', she reflects on her success as a writer and her father's business failure, which she describes as "one of the best things that ever happened to us." Since, she can "truly live instead of vegetate."〔Martineau, Harriet. "''From'' Autobiography" ''The Norton Anthology of English Literature Eighth Edition Volume E: The Victorian Age''. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York: Norton, 2006. 1589-92. Print.〕 Her reflection emphasizes her experience with financial responsibility in her life while she writes "() fusion of literary and economic narratives."〔 Her first commissioned book, ''Illustrations of Political Economy'',〔Full text at (The Online Library of Liberty )〕 was a fictional tutorial intended to help the general public understand the ideas of Adam Smith. ''Illustrations'' was published in February 1832 in an edition of just 1500, since the publisher assumed it would not sell well. Yet it very quickly became highly successful, and would steadily out-sell the work of Charles Dickens. ''Illustrations'' was her first work to receive widespread acclaim, and its success served to spread the free-market ideas of Adam Smith and others throughout the British Empire. Martineau then agreed to compose a series of similar monthly stories over a period of two years, the work being hastened by having her brother James also work on the series with her.〔 The subsequent works offered fictional tutorials on a range of political economists such as James Mill, Bentham and Ricardo, the latter especially forming her view of rent law. Most notoriously today, Martineau relied on Malthus to form her view of population, though in stories such as "Weal and Woe in Garvelock" she promoted the idea of population control only via genteel notions of voluntary chastity and older marriages. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Harriet Martineau」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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